Melville (otok)

Melville; fra. Île Melville
	Otok
	Satelitska snimka
Položaj
Koordinate	75°30′02″N 111°30′09″W / 75.50056°N 111.50250°W
Smještaj	Sjeverna Amerika
Država	Kanada
Otočje	Otoci kraljice Elizabete
Fizikalne osobine
Površina	42.149 km2
Stanovništvo
Broj stanovnika	0
	Melville Melville na zemljovidu Kanade

Otok Melville (fra. Île Melville) je nenaseljeni otok, pripada otocima kraljice Elizabete, dijelu Kanadskog arktičkog otočja s površinom od 42.149 km². To je 33. najveći otok na svijetu i osmi najveći kanadski otok.

Planine na otoku Melville, neke od najvećih u zapadnom kanadskom Arktiku, dosežu visinu od 750 m. Postoje dvije subnacionalne pene-eksklave koje leže zapadno od 110 meridijana i čine dio sjeverozapadnih teritorija. Do njih se može doći samo kopnom iz Nunavuta ili brodom sa sjeverozapadnih teritorija.

Otok Melville dijele Sjeverozapadni teritorij, koji je odgovoran za zapadnu polovicu otoka, i Nunavut, koji je odgovoran za istočnu polovicu. Granica ide 110. zapadnim meridijanom.

Geografija

Otok ima malo ili nimalo vegetacije. Tamo gdje postoji kontinuirana vegetacija, obično se sastoji od humaka mahovina, lišajeva, trava i šaša. Jedina drvenasta vrsta, patuljasta vrba, raste kao gusta uvrnuta prostirka koja puzi po tlu.

Postoji raznolika životinjska populacija: polarni medvjed, peary caribou (Rangifer tarandus pearyi), mošusno govedo (Ovibos moschatus), sjeverni leming sa ovratnikom (Dicrostonyx groenlandicus), polarni vuk, arktička lisica, arktički zec (Lepus arcticus) i hermelin. Ekspedicija sa Sveučilišta Alberta koja je 2003. primijetila grizlija i tragove grizlija predstavlja najsjevernija izvješća o medvjedima ikada zabilježena.^[1]

Otok Melville jedno je od dva glavna uzgajališta branta guske. Analiza DNK i terenska opažanja sugeriraju da se ove ptice mogu razlikovati od ostalih vrsta branta guski.^[2]^[3] Brojeći od 4.000 do 8.000 ptica, ovo bi mogla biti jedna od najrjeđih gusaka na svijetu.

Povijest

Prvi zabilježeni Europljanin koji je došao na otok Melville bio je britanski istraživač Sir William Parry 1819. godine. Zbog smrzavanja mora bio je prisiljen provesti zimu u onome što se danas zove "Zimska luka" do 1. kolovoza 1820. godine.^[4]

Otok je dobio ime po Robertu Dundasu, 2. vikontu Melville-a, koji je u to vrijeme bio prvi morski gospodar. U potrazi za Franklinovom izgubljenom ekspedicijom, Abraham Bradford je 1851. istražio njegovu istočnu obalu sve do Bradford Pointa, dok su njezinu sjevernu i zapadnu obalu 1853. istražili Francis Leopold McClintock, Richard Vesey Hamilton i George Henry Richards.^[5]^[6]^[7]

Dana 30. siječnja 1920. godine, The Pioche Record izvijestio je da je islandski istraživač Vilhjalmur Stefansson otkrio izgubljeni spremnik iz McClintockove ekspedicije 1853. na otok Melville. Odjeća i hrana iz skrovišta bili su u izvrsnom stanju unatoč teškim arktičkim uvjetima.^[8]

Godine 1930., velika stijena od pješčenjaka koja je označavala Parryjevo mjesto zimovanja iz 1819. u Winter Harbouru, otprilike 5,5 metara duljine i 3 m visine, proglašena je nacionalnim povijesnim mjestom Kanade.

Zalihe fosilnih goriva

Melville se pojavio kao kandidat za ležišta prirodnog plina. Vjeruje se da se na otoku još od prve polovice 20. stoljeća nalaze nalazišta ugljena i naftnih škriljevaca.^[9]^[10] Prva istražna bušotina kanadskog arktičkog otoka iskopana je 1961. u Winter Harbouru.^[11]^[12]^[13]^[14]

Probušili su slojeve donjeg paleozoika do ukupne dubine od 3.823 metara. Sedamdesetih godina prošlog stoljeća pokazalo se da sjeverni dio otoka na istočnoj strani poluotoka Sabine sadrži veliko plinsko polje, poznato kao Drake Point.

Izvori

↑ Doupé, Jonathan P.; England, John H.; Furze, M.; Paetkau, David. 2007. Most Northerly Observation of a Grizzly Bear (Ursus arctos) in Canada: Photographic and DNA Evidence from Melville Island, Northwest Territories. Arctic. 60 (3): 271–276. doi:10.14430/arctic219
↑ Brant Geese | Beauty of Birds. www.beautyofbirds.com. Pristupljeno 26. rujna 2019.
↑ birds, bird photos, bird photographs, butterflies, dragonflies, dragonfly, butterfly. www.martinreid.com. Pristupljeno 26. rujna 2019.
↑ Parry, W. E. 1821. Journal of a voyage for the discovery of a North-West passage from the Atlantic to the Pacific: performed in the years 1819–20. John Murray. London.
↑ M'Dougall, G. F. 1857. The eventful voyage of H.M. discovery ship "Resolute" to the Arctic regions, in search of Sir John Franklin and the missing crews of H.M. discovery ships "Erebus" and "Terror," 1852, 1853, 1854. Longman. London.
↑ Murphy, D. 2004. The Arctic Fox: Francis Leopold McClintock, discoverer of the fate of Franklin. Dundurn Press. Toronto.
↑ Savours, A. 1999. The Search for the North West Passage. St. Marten's Press. New York.
↑ Icelandic explorer Vilhjalmur Stefansson discovered a lost cache from the 1853 McClintock expedition on Melville Island. The Pioche Record. 30. siječnja 1920.
↑ Canadian Arctic Islands (PDF). Inačica izvorne stranice (PDF) arhivirana 21. srpnja 2011. Pristupljeno 21. lipnja 2010.. The Kanguk Formation, a basinal bituminous shale, was deposited from the Turonian to the Maastrichtian
↑ Edwards, D. M. 27. srpnja 1938. Treasure of the Arctic: vast stores of fuels and precious metals in icebound areas. Christian Science Monitor
↑ History of the Canadian Oil Industry. Geo-Help Inc. Pristupljeno 21. lipnja 2010.
↑ Canada's Arctic. Government of Alberta. Pristupljeno 21. lipnja 2010.. The first Arctic Island well was drilled in 1961–62 by Dome Petroleum on Melville Island. Other wells followed on Cornwallis and Bathurst Islands. Although wells were abandoned, Melville Island was the site of further significant gas discoveries. Panarctic Petroleum, made up of industry and government initiatives, found gas at Drake Point on Melville Island in 1969.
↑ Rediscovering High Arctic riches. Vancouver Sun. 28. listopada 2008. Inačica izvorne stranice arhivirana 8. studenoga 2012. Pristupljeno 21. lipnja 2010.. Panarctic had discovered a huge gas field at Drake Point on Melville Island in 1968. It was so big it took 14 wells to delineate.
↑ Riches beckon, but the risks are high. Saskatoon Star-Phoenix. 18. kolovoza 2008. Inačica izvorne stranice arhivirana 13. svibnja 2012. Pristupljeno 21. lipnja 2010.. When the federal government issued a call for bids to explore the islands of the High Arctic last year, no one stepped to the plate. Several companies discovered oil and gas fields around Melville Island in the 1970s, but eventually abandoned the projects due to high costs.

50 Year Old Cache Found. The Pioche Record. L.H. Beeson. Pioche, Lincoln, Nevada. 30. siječnja 1920. str. 1–8. ISSN 2472-176X. OCLC 13457885. Pristupljeno 1. veljače 2020.

Daljnja literatura

Arctic Pilot Project (Canada), Environmental Statement: Melville Island Components, Calgary: Arctic Pilot Project, 1979
Barnett, D.; et al. Terrain Characterization and Evaluation An Example from Eastern Melville Island, Paper (Geological Survey of Canada), 76–23, Ottawa: Energy, Mines and Resources Canada, 1977, ISBN 0-660-00812-2
Buchanan, R.; et al. Survey of the Marine Environment of Bridport Inlet, Melville Island, Calgary: Pallister Resource Management Ltd, 1980
Christie, R.; et al. eds. The Geology of Melville Island, Arctic Canada, Ottawa: Geological Survey of Canada, 1994, ISBN 0-660-14982-6
Spector, A.; et al. A Gravity Survey of the Melville Island Ice Caps, Canada Dominion Observatory Contributions, 07:7, 1967
Hodgson, D. Quaternary Geology of Western Melville Island, Northwest Territories, Ottawa: Geological Survey of Canada, 1992, ISBN 0-660-13809-3
Hotzel, C. Terrain Disturbance on the Christopher Formation, Melville Island, NWT, Ottawa: Carleton University, Dept. of Geography, 1973
McGregor, D.; et al. Middle Devonian Miospores from the Cape De Bray, Weatherall, and Hecla Bay Formations of Northeastern Melville Island, Canadian Arctic, Ottawa: Energy, Mines and Resources Canada, 1982, ISBN 0-660-11084-9
Shea, I.; et al. Deadman's Melville Island & Its Burial Ground, Tantallon: Glen Margaret Pub, 2005, ISBN 0-920427-68-5
Shearer, D. Modern and Early Holocene Arctic Deltas, Melville Island, N.W.T., Canada, s.l.: s.n., 1974
Steen, O.; et al. Landscape Survey Eastern Melville Island, N.W.T, Calgary: R.M. Hardy & Associates, 1978
Thomas, D.; et al. Range types and their relative use by Peary caribou and muskoxen on Melville Island, NWT, Edmonton: Environment Canada, Canadian Wildlife Service, 1999
Trettin, H.; et al. Lower Triassic Tar Sands of Northwestern Melville Island, Arctic Archipelago, Ottawa: Dept. of Energy, Mines and Resources, 1966

Vanjske poveznice

[1] Doupé, Jonathan P.; England, John H.; Furze, M.; Paetkau, David. 2007. Most Northerly Observation of a Grizzly Bear (Ursus arctos) in Canada: Photographic and DNA Evidence from Melville Island, Northwest Territories. Arctic. 60 (3): 271–276. doi:10.14430/arctic219

[2] Brant Geese | Beauty of Birds. www.beautyofbirds.com. Pristupljeno 26. rujna 2019.

[3] rds, bird photos, bird photographs, butterflies, dragonflies, dragonfly, butterfly. www.martinreid.com. Pristupljeno 26. rujna 2019.

[Parry-4] Parry, W. E. 1821. Journal of a voyage for the discovery of a North-West passage from the Atlantic to the Pacific: performed in the years 1819–20. John Murray. London.

[MDougall-5] M'Dougall, G. F. 1857. The eventful voyage of H.M. discovery ship "Resolute" to the Arctic regions, in search of Sir John Franklin and the missing crews of H.M. discovery ships "Erebus" and "Terror," 1852, 1853, 1854. Longman. London.

[Murphy-6] Murphy, D. 2004. The Arctic Fox: Francis Leopold McClintock, discoverer of the fate of Franklin. Dundurn Press. Toronto.

[Savours-7] Savours, A. 1999. The Search for the North West Passage. St. Marten's Press. New York.

[8] Icelandic explorer Vilhjalmur Stefansson discovered a lost cache from the 1853 McClintock expedition on Melville Island. The Pioche Record. 30. siječnja 1920.

[9] Canadian Arctic Islands (PDF). Inačica izvorne stranice (PDF) arhivirana 21. srpnja 2011. Pristupljeno 21. lipnja 2010.. The Kanguk Formation, a basinal bituminous shale, was deposited from the Turonian to the Maastrichtian

[10] Edwards, D. M. 27. srpnja 1938. Treasure of the Arctic: vast stores of fuels and precious metals in icebound areas. Christian Science Monitor

[11] History of the Canadian Oil Industry. Geo-Help Inc. Pristupljeno 21. lipnja 2010.

[12] Canada's Arctic. Government of Alberta. Pristupljeno 21. lipnja 2010.. The first Arctic Island well was drilled in 1961–62 by Dome Petroleum on Melville Island. Other wells followed on Cornwallis and Bathurst Islands. Although wells were abandoned, Melville Island was the site of further significant gas discoveries. Panarctic Petroleum, made up of industry and government initiatives, found gas at Drake Point on Melville Island in 1969.

[VancouverSun-2008-10-28-13] Rediscovering High Arctic riches. Vancouver Sun. 28. listopada 2008. Inačica izvorne stranice arhivirana 8. studenoga 2012. Pristupljeno 21. lipnja 2010.. Panarctic had discovered a huge gas field at Drake Point on Melville Island in 1968. It was so big it took 14 wells to delineate.

[SaskatoonStarPhoenix2008-14] Riches beckon, but the risks are high. Saskatoon Star-Phoenix. 18. kolovoza 2008. Inačica izvorne stranice arhivirana 13. svibnja 2012. Pristupljeno 21. lipnja 2010.. When the federal government issued a call for bids to explore the islands of the High Arctic last year, no one stepped to the plate. Several companies discovered oil and gas fields around Melville Island in the 1970s, but eventually abandoned the projects due to high costs.

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